This is precisely the moment where the local’s discontent towards SHPs translates into agitation if the development project in question is being undertaken despite local’s unwillingness.

The Eastern Black Sea Region has the biggest domestic diaspora in Turkey's metropolitan regions. Through the kinship networks of the region, local's discontent reverberates amongst the so-called “urban-rural dual-place residents”, returning retirees, urban-based environmentalists and the so-called “malcontents”. All these groups have mobilized to form anti-small hydro platforms. Through these platforms, the rural-urban connections were firmly established.